
Kemajuan Pendidikan pada Masa Bani Umayyah – Pemerintahan Bani Umayyah di Damaskus berjalan selama 90 tahun, yaitu antara 661-750. Periode Kekhalifahan Bani Umayyah adalah masa terjadinya peletakan dasar-dasar kemajuan pendidikan. Beberapa usaha yang dilakukan oleh Bani Umayyah dalam bidang pendidikan merupakan memperbanyak lembaga pendidikan dan memperbaiki kurikulum dengan pola pendidikan.
Berikut ini Perkembangan Pendidikan Saat Masa Bani Umayyah.
1. Lembaga pendidikan
Salah satu bukti kemajuan Bani Umayyah dalam bidang pendidikan merupakan berdirinya beragam lembaga pendidikan. Sebenarnya, sejumlah lembaga pendidikan sudah ada sejak masa sebelumnya, ialah pada masa Khulafaur Rasyidin. Akan tetapi, lembaga pendidikan pada masa Bani Umayyah lebih banyak dan lebih terurus.
2. Masjid
Sejak masa Nabi Muhammad, masjid telah mempunyai ragam fungsi, di samping menjadi tempat ibadah. Bani Umayyah memanfaatkan masjid menjadi lembaga pendidikan antara lain membaca Al Quran, sekolah menengah dan tingkat tinggi. Pada masa ini pula, masjid berkembang fungsinya merupakan tempat pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, terutama yang bersifat keagamaan.
3. Kuttab
Kuttab merupakan lembaga pendidikan untuk belajar membaca dan menulis setingkat sekolah dasar. Pada masa Khulafaur Rasyidin, guru di kuttab umumnya tidak dibayar. bertentangan dengan Bani Umayyah, di mana guru kuttab akan dibayar atau digaji oleh para penguasa. Bahkan mereka disediakan tempat untuk tinggal di istana kalaupun mengajar putra para penguasa.
4. Halaqoh
Sistem halaqoh tidak khusus dipakai bagi mengajar atau mendiskusikan ilmu agama, tetapi juga pengetahuan umum. Oleh karena itu, semua umur dan jenjang dapat berkumpul bersama guna mendengarkan penjelasan guru.
5. Madrasah
Lembaga madrasah yang sudah ada sejak masa Nabi Muhammad dan Khulafaur Rasyidin konsisten dipertahankan oleh Kekhalifahan Umayyah. Di madrasah, murid akan diajarkan Al Quran, ilmu fikih, faraid, dan masih banyak lainnya.
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6. Badiah
Arabisasi oleh Khalifah Abdul Malik bin Marwan memunculkan istilah badiah, ialah dusun badui di Padang Sahara yang fasih dan murni bahasa Arabnya. Akibat arabisasi ini merupakan lahirnya ilmu qowaid dan cabang ilmu lainnya untuk belajar bahasa Arab.
7. Pendidikan istana dan rumah guru
Saat masa Bani Umayyah, pendidikan tidak terhenti pada pengajaran tingkat rendah, tetapi lanjut pada jenjang yang lebih tinggi dan kedapatan pendidikan istana. Bagi pendidikan istana bukan saja mengajarkan pada pengetahuan, Akan tetapi seorang guru harus mendidik kecerdasan, hati, dan jasmani anak.
8. Bamaristan
Bamaristan merupakan rumah sakit tempat untuk merawat orang yang juga difungsikan menjadi tempat studi kedokteran.
9. Balai pertemuan dan perpusatakaan
Saat masa Bani Umayyah, dibangun balai pertemuan yang hanya dapat dimasuki oleh kalangan sastrawan dan ulama-ulama terkemuka. Tempat ini dipakaik untuk mempelajari sastra Arab, baik syair, pidato, atau prosa. Akan tetapi, dibangun juga perpustakaan untuk menimba beragam ilmu.
10. Kurikulum dan pola pendidikan
Wilayah kekuasaan Islam saat masa Bani Umayyah lebih luas dari periode sebelumnya. Kurikulum pendidikan pada masa Bani Umayyah masih sama, ialah Al Quran dan hadis. Kendati demikian, materi yang diajarkan bermacam-macam dan bertingkat-tingkat. Materi pendidikan pada masa Daulah Umayyah berdasarkan dari pelajaran mengenai Al Quran, hadis, syair, membaca, dan menulis.
Metode pengajarannya pun tidak sama, sehingga mampu melahirkan sejumlah pakar ilmu dalam berbagai bidang. Saat masa Bani Umayyah, pola pendidikan bersifat desentralisasi. Artinya, pendidikan tidak hanya berpusat di ibu kota kekhalifahan, ialah di Damaskus, tetapi dikembangkan secara otonom di daerah yang dikuasai seiring dengan ekspansi wilayah.
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